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Making money from real estate investments can be a challenge for beginners as there are many choices and types of property. The investor is faced with developing some level of expertise in selecting Read more...

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The word Forex is an abbreviation for The Foreign ExchangeMarket. This is the market in which all is bough and sold ismoney itself, which means that with certain currencies you canbuy other kinds Read more...

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Analysis Of Modern Portfolio Theory
By Verena Veneeva
The foundation of modern portfolio theory (MPT) was introduced by Harry Markowitz in 1952. Thirty-eight years later, Harry Markowitz, Merton Miller and William Sharpe were awarded Nobel Prize for what has become a broad theory for portfolio selection. Modern portfolio theory (commonly referred as mean variance analysis) established a whole new terminology which became a norm among investment managers. (Gupta, FrancisMarkowitz, Fabozzi, Frank. 2002) It has wide application in different areas of financial management such as: asset allocation through mean variance optimization, bond portfolio immunization, optimal investment trust or manager selection, international asset allocation decisions, portfolio risk management and hedging strategies.

The core concept of the Portfolio Theory is based on asset diversification and directly relies on the conventional wisdom which advice to avoid putting all eggs in one basket (Papers4you.com, 2006). In its simplest form MPT provides a framework to construct efficient portfolios by selection of the investment assets, considering risk appetite of the investor. MPT employs statistical measures such as correlation and co variation to quantify the effect of the diversification on the performance of portfolio. In it is essence MPT attempts to analyse how different investments are interrelated to each other. What happens if one investment goes broke? Does it mean that all other investments will go broke as well? How to minimize the negative effect of the downfall in one particular investment asset?

According to Markowitz (1952) investors should focus on selecting portfolios based on their overall risk-reward characteristics instead of merely compiling portfolios from securities that each individually has attractive risk-reward characteristics. In a nutshell, inventors should select portfolios not individual securities. (Risk glossary) While the theory behind MPT is quite straightforward, the implementation of efficient asset allocation can become quite complicated. The model employs a wide range of different factors such as security returns, volatilities and correlation

Rank Reports Profits Down Due to Investments in Marketing
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.online-casinos.com/news/news3110070.asp" style="font-size:1.2em">Rank Reports Profits Down Due to Investments in Marketing</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Online-Casinos.com</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">57 minutes ago </span> <div style="width:80%;">Despite a 10 percent rise in revenues in the first half of 2010, the UK land and gambling group Rank plc also reported this week a 23 percent decline in operating profit to GBP 2.3 million. (Great ...</div> </div>
British Pound Volatility Ahead on Bank of England Rate Decision
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.dailyfx.com/forex/fundamental/forecast/weekly/gbp/2010/07/30/fwf_073010_gbp.html" style="font-size:1.2em">British Pound Volatility Ahead on Bank of England Rate Decision</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Daily FX</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 30, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">The British Pound may turn volatile in the week ahead as the Bank of England delivers the first rate decision based on an updated inflation outlook taking into account the government&#39;s austerity ...</div> </div>
British Pound Spiked Up Further Against Majors
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.rttnews.com/Content/CurrencyMarket.aspx?Id=1377403&SM=1" style="font-size:1.2em">British Pound Spiked Up Further Against Majors</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">RTT News</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 30, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">(RTTNews) - The British currency spiked up further against major opponents during New York mid-day trading on Friday. The pound climbed to more than 3-week high against the euro and a multi-month ...</div> </div>
Euro slips back to $1.3015
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.13wham.com/business/story/Euro-slips-back-to-1-3015/ueFOlVd5Y0Ck2AXqtSbhmA.cspx" style="font-size:1.2em">Euro slips back to $1.3015</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">13WHAM-TV</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 30, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">In this photo illustration a Euro note and a GBP note are displayed on April 17, 2008 in London, England. (Peter Macdiarmid, Getty Images) BERLIN (AP) ? The euro is a little lower against the ...</div> </div>
Great British Pound (GBP) Technical Major Currencies (2010-07-30)
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/20100730/great-british-pound-gbp-technical-major-currencies-2010-07-30.htm" style="font-size:1.2em">Great British Pound (GBP) Technical Major Currencies (2010-07-30)</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">IBTimes</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 30, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">Despite of the pair moving within a bullish direction, signs of 1.5630 remaining intact are clearly appearing, where the harmonic bearish pattern has taken an AB=CD formation that has been ...</div> </div>
Great British Pound vs. Japanese Yen (2010-07-30)
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/20100730/great-british-pound-vs-japanese-yen-2010-07-30.htm" style="font-size:1.2em">Great British Pound vs. Japanese Yen (2010-07-30)</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">IBTimes</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 30, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">The pair declined yesterday, but from a pure technical harmonic point of view, we can see on the daily chart a chance for resuming a suggested CD leg for AB=CD pattern. We have two technical ...</div> </div>
British Pound Pressing against Resistance Line
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.dailyfx.com/forex/technical/elliott_wave/gbp-usd/2010-07-29-1627-British_Pound_Pressing_against_Resistance.html" style="font-size:1.2em">British Pound Pressing against Resistance Line</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Daily FX</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 29, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">The GBPUSD looks vulnerable but it is difficult to short without a point of reference to place a stop. It is best to wait for a top to form and then short a bounce. The GBPUSD rally has exceeded ...</div> </div>
British Pound Turnaround May Be on the Horizon
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.dailyfx.com/forex/technical/ssi/gbp-usd/2010-07-29-1522-British_Pound_Turnaround_May_Be.html" style="font-size:1.2em">British Pound Turnaround May Be on the Horizon</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Daily FX</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 29, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">GBPUSD - The ratio of long to short positions in the GBPUSD stands at -1.76 as nearly 64% of traders are short. Yesterday, the ratio was at -1.74 as 63% of open positions were short. In detail ...</div> </div>
Forex spread betting: GBP in focus
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.spread-betting.me/spread-betting-forex-00402.html" style="font-size:1.2em">Forex spread betting: GBP in focus</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Spread Betting for Me</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 29, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">A roundup of technical insight and views from the forex spread betting and forex trading industry. Those looking at spread betting the British Pound should note that the Pound has declined ...</div> <a href="http://www.economy-news.co.uk/exchange-rates-29201007-2.html">Exchange rates: British Pound in moderate declines</a> - <span style="color:#888888">Economy News</span><br> </div>
Great British Pound (GBP) Technical Major Currencies (2010-07-29)
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/20100729/great-british-pound-gbp-technical-major-currencies-2010-07-29.htm" style="font-size:1.2em">Great British Pound (GBP) Technical Major Currencies (2010-07-29)</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">IBTimes</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 29, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">The pair continues the bullish trend within the bullish channel shown above, as the pair is closely nearing key resistance for the main ascending channel, accompanied by overbought signs through ...</div> </div>

between asset classes for constructing efficient mean variance frontier. The frontier is considered to be efficient because every point on this frontier is a portfolio that gives the greatest possible return for certain risk level. (Gupta, et al, 2002) Since asset allocation decisions are so important, majority of the financial advisors determine optimal portfolios for their clients, both institutional and private.

While the implementation of the mean variance analysis requires specific skill and knowledge, the main concepts are relatively easy and can be easily presented to the wide audience (Papers4you.com, 2006). Surprisingly, MPT has wide implications in everyday life as well, since all of us are somehow involved into investment decisions. Everyone has to think about securing funds for the future education or pension, investing into property or buying a new car, and allocating some money for the coming vocation. How to justify these decisions, what would be the optimal solution? Familiarity with portfolio theory allows bringing up the ideas employed by professional investors into everyday life.

Reference
Markowitz, Harry M. (1952). Portfolio selection, Journal of Finance, 7 (1), 77-91.

Gupta, FrancisMarkowitz, Harry M.Fabozzi, Frank J. (2002) The Legacy of Modern Portfolio Theory THE JOURNAL OF INVESTING, Fall 2002

Papers For You (2006) "P/F/427. Benefits of international diversification", Available from http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/sprtfina14.htm [19/06/2006]

Papers For You (2006) "C/F/37. EQUITY PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT: CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS (International Diversification, Country versus Sector Allocation)", Available from Papers4you.com [19/06/2006]

Risk glossary (2006) "Modern portfolio theory", Available from http://www.riskglossary.com/link/portfolio_theory.htm [19/06/2006]

About the Author
Copyright 2006 Verena Veneeva. Professional Writer working for http://www.coursework4you.co.uk!

We strive to provide only quality articles, so if there is a specific topic related to currency that you would like us to cover, please contact us at any time.

And again, thank you to those contributing daily to our buy foreign currency website.

Forex - Canadian Dollar May Falter On Weakening Global Picture
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.forextv.com/forex-news-story/forex-canadian-dollar-may-falter-on-weakening-global-picture" style="font-size:1.2em">Forex - Canadian Dollar May Falter On Weakening Global Picture</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">ForexTV.com</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 30, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">RISK DISCLAIMER: By using this web site you agree to its terms and conditions. Before deciding to invest in foreign exchange you should carefully consider your investment objectives, level of ...</div> </div>
Forex: USD/CAD tumbles to 1.0292, 3-day low
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.fxstreet.com/news/forex-news/article.aspx?storyid=d17c3a7a-e9b4-4400-9cae-1579864a1b97" style="font-size:1.2em">Forex: USD/CAD tumbles to 1.0292, 3-day low</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">FXstreet.com The Forex Market</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 30, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">FXstreet.com (Cуrdoba) ? The Canadian Dollar erased losses and turned higher against Greenback as stocks recovered in Wall Street. USD/CAD jumped to 1.0375 (daily high) after the release of US and ...</div> </div>
Forex spread betting: EUR CAD in focus
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.spread-betting.me/forex-spread-betting-00404.html" style="font-size:1.2em">Forex spread betting: EUR CAD in focus</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Spread Betting for Me</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 30, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">If you don&#39;t have the time to concentrate on placing your trades then you are doomed. A few rules to making your way to a successful spread betting strategy. We bring those looking at forex spread ...</div> </div>
Daily Forex Update: EUR/CAD
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.actionforex.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=119009:daily-forex-update-eurcad&catid=191:daily-forex-technicals" style="font-size:1.2em">Daily Forex Update: EUR/CAD</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Action Forex</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 30, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">After a week of hard-fought gains and higher lows in the EUR/CAD, the Euro has weakened slightly against the Canadian Dollar and corrected lower intraday. After exhausting at the resistance of the ...</div> </div>
Canadian Dollar Wipes Out Intraday Gain
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.forex-rateit.com/forex-news/canadian-dollar-wipes-out-intraday-gain.html" style="font-size:1.2em">Canadian Dollar Wipes Out Intraday Gain</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Forex Rate It!</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 29, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">After reaching an intraday high of 1.0302 against the US dollar, Canadian dollar moved back to the 1.0380 area. Canadian dollar lost its strength to wipe out most of its intraday gains. The pair ...</div> </div>
Canadian Dollar Forecast to Break Below Narrow Range
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.dailyfx.com/forex/technical/ssi/usd-cad/2010-07-29-1526-Canadian_Dollar_Forecast_to_Break.html" style="font-size:1.2em">Canadian Dollar Forecast to Break Below Narrow Range</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Daily FX</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 29, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">USDCAD - The ratio of long to short positions in the USDCAD stands at 2.57 as nearly 72% of traders are long. Yesterday, the ratio was at 2.19 as 69% of open positions were long. In detail, long ...</div> </div>
Drop in Crude Oil Weakens CAD
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.fxstreet.com/technical/analysis-reports/daily-currencies-report/2010-07-29.html" style="font-size:1.2em">Drop in Crude Oil Weakens CAD</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">FXstreet.com The Forex Market</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 29, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">by UFXBank Research USD Dollar (USD) ? The Dollar was mixed against other major currencies in Forex Trading after worse than expected US data on durable goods orders that came at -0.6% vs. 0.6 ...</div> </div>
Canadian Dollar (CAD) Technical Major Currencies (2010-07-30)
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/20100730/canadian-dollar-cad-technical-major-currencies-2010-07-30.htm" style="font-size:1.2em">Canadian Dollar (CAD) Technical Major Currencies (2010-07-30)</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">IBTimes</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 29, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">The pair is moving within a very narrow range that has not changed the harmonic pattern expectations suggested yesterday; thus making us hold onto yesterday&#39;s expectations intact without any ...</div> </div>
Westpac Exits Its Bet on the Canadian Dollar Rising Against Swiss Franc
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-29/westpac-exits-its-bet-on-the-canadian-dollar-rising-against-swiss-franc.html" style="font-size:1.2em">Westpac Exits Its Bet on the Canadian Dollar Rising Against Swiss Franc</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Bloomberg</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 29, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">By Lukanyo Mnyanda - Thu Jul 29 13:45:29 UTC 2010 Westpac Banking Corp. exited a bet that the Canadian dollar would rally to its strongest level this month against the Swiss franc after the loonie ...</div> <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-29/canadian-dollar-rises-first-time-in-3-days-as-commodities-gain.html">Canadian Dollar Rises First Time in 3 Days as Commodities Gain</a> - <span style="color:#888888">BusinessWeek</span><br> <a href="http://www.rttnews.com/Content/CanadianNews.aspx?Node=B1&Id=1377435">Canadian Dollar Advances Further Against Major Rivals</a> - <span style="color:#888888">RTT News</span><br> <a href="http://www.dailyfx.com/forex/fundamental/forecast/weekly/cad/2010/07/30/TOF730cad.html" style="color:#009900">Daily FX</a> </div>
| EXCHANGE RATE
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.dailynews.lk/2010/07/29/ExchangeRate.asp" style="font-size:1.2em">| EXCHANGE RATE</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Ceylon Daily News</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 28, 2010 </span> <div style="width:80%;">Exchange Rates on 28.07.2010 (1) The average rates of the following currencies quoted by commercial banks in Colombo for Telegraphic Transfers (TT) at 9.30 am are as follow: Currency Buying Rate ...</div> </div>

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