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Secure Your Retirement with a Rollover IRASwitching your job? Retiring? Congratulations! A window of opportunity opens for you with the Rollover Individual Retirement Account Read more...

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Mutual Funds - An Introduction And Brief History
By Sachin Asher
Mutual Funds - An Introduction and Brief History

Each one of us does not have the expertise or the time to build and manage an investment portfolio. There is an excellent alternative available – mutual funds.

A mutual fund is an investment intermediary by which people can pool their money and invest it according to a predetermined objective.

Each investor of the mutual fund gets a share of the pool proportionate to the initial investment that he makes. The capital of the mutual fund is divided into shares or units and investors get a number of units proportionate to their investment.

The investment objective of the mutual fund is always decided beforehand. Mutual funds invest in bonds, stocks, money-market instruments, real estate, commodities or other investments or many times a combination of any of these.

The details regarding the funds' policies, objectives, charges, services etc are all available in the fund's prospectus and every investor should go through the prospectus before investing in a mutual fund.

The investment decisions for the pool capital are made by a fund manager (or managers). The fund manager decides what securities are to be bought and in what quantity.
The value of units changes with change in aggregate value of the investments made by the mutual fund.

The value of each share or unit of the mutual fund is called NAV (Net Asset Value).

Different funds have different risk – reward profile. A mutual fund that invests in stocks is a greater risk investment than a mutual fund that invests in government bonds. The value of stocks can go down resulting in a loss for the investor, but money invested in bonds is safe (unless the Government defaults – which is rare.) At the same time the greater risk in stocks also presents an opportunity for higher returns. Stocks can go up to any limit, but returns from government bonds are limited to the interest rate offered by the government.

History of Mutual Funds:
The first "pooling of money" for investments was done in 1774. After the 1772-1773 financial crisis, a Dutch merchant Adriaan van Ketwich invited investors to come together to form an investment trust. The goal of the trust was to lower risks involved in investing by providing diversification to the small investors. The funds invested in various European countries such as Austria, Denmark and Spain. The investments were mainly in bonds and equity formed a small portion. The trust was names Eendragt Maakt Magt, which meant "Unity Creates Strength".
The

Lack of Greek Deal Sends EUR Tumbling
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.forexyard.com/en/market-analysis/lack_of_greek_deal_sends_eur_tumbling-2012-02-07" style="font-size:1.2em">Lack of Greek Deal Sends EUR Tumbling</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Forexyard</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">2 hours ago </span> <div style="width:80%;">The euro was largely bearish yesterday, after Greece once again failed to come to an agreement with its creditors to restructure its debt.</div> <a href="http://www.forexpros.com/news/forex-news/forex---euro-finds-support-on-greece-deal-hopes-230012">Forex - Euro finds support on Greece deal hopes</a> - <span style="color:#888888">Forex Pros</span><br> <a href="http://www.bestsyndication.com/?q=20120205_forex_signals_usd_jpy_eur.htm">Forex Trading and Currency Exchange Rates ? USD/JPY rises as EUR/USD drops</a> - <span style="color:#888888">Best Syndication</span><br> </div>
Canadian Dollar (CAD) Technical Major Currencies (2012-02-07)
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/294134/20120207/canadian-dollar-cad-technical-major-currencies-2012-02-07.htm" style="font-size:1.2em">Canadian Dollar (CAD) Technical Major Currencies (2012-02-07)</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">International Business Times</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">3 hours ago </span> <div style="width:80%;">The pair has been fluctuating with narrow ranges recently, within the descending short term channel shown on image, while MACD indicator continues to provide a bullish divergence over the four-hour timeframe, and momentum indicators are within oversold ...</div> </div>
British Pound Sterling: Currency continues advance against EUR, safe haven <b>...</b>
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.euro-exchangerate.com/british-pound-eur-safe-haven-06021355.html" style="font-size:1.2em">British Pound Sterling: Currency continues advance against EUR, safe haven <b>...</b></a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Euro Exchange Rate News</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">20 hours ago </span> <div style="width:80%;">The Pound continued its advance against the Euro this morning, but the UK currency declined for a second day versus the US Dollar, as market speculation escalates over the prospect of further quantitative easing from the Bank of England this week.</div> </div>
Canadian dollar exchange rate (CAD) falls back vs USD as risk aversion takes <b>...</b>
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.euro-exchangerate.com/canadian-dollar-cad-06021354.html" style="font-size:1.2em">Canadian dollar exchange rate (CAD) falls back vs USD as risk aversion takes <b>...</b></a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Euro Exchange Rate News</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">20 hours ago </span> <div style="width:80%;">The US dollar to Canadian dollar exchange rate (USD/CAD) is 0.54% higher at 0.9987. The euro Canadian dollar exchange rate (EUR/CAD) is 0.39% lower at 1.3018, the pound Canadian dollar exchange rate (GBP/CAD) is 0.22% higher at 1.5746.</div> <a href="http://www.forexpros.com/analysis/usd-cad:-canadian-dollar-down-on-greek-concerns,-weaker-oil-prices-113296">USD/CAD: Canadian Dollar Down on Greek Concerns, Weaker Oil Prices</a> - <span style="color:#888888">Forex Pros</span><br> <a href="http://www.dailyforex.com/forex-articles/2012/02/USDCAD-Daily-Outlook-Feb-7-2012/10802">USD/CAD Daily Outlook Feb. 7, 2012</a> - <span style="color:#888888">DailyForex.com</span><br> </div>
Canadian dollar exchange rates (CAD) are a big winner following strong Non <b>...</b>
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.euro-exchangerate.com/canadian-dollar-exchange-rate-non-farm-03021348.html" style="font-size:1.2em">Canadian dollar exchange rates (CAD) are a big winner following strong Non <b>...</b></a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Euro Exchange Rate News</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Feb 3, 2012 </span> <div style="width:80%;">Canadian dollar exchange rate: Global markets have been caught by surprise following the release of strong US Non-Farm Payroll data.</div> </div>
2012 Forecasts: Canadian Dollar To Be Support By QE3 In 2H12
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.actionforex.com/action-insight/special-reports/2012-forecasts:--canadian-dollar-to-be-support-by-qe3-in-2h12-20120203158825/" style="font-size:1.2em">2012 Forecasts: Canadian Dollar To Be Support By QE3 In 2H12</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Action Forex</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Feb 3, 2012 </span> <div style="width:80%;">Canada will by no means escape from the recent global economic turmoil. As an economy heavily reliant on exports, the sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone and the stringent fiscal consolidation to be adopted by the US are expected to hurt Canadian ...</div> </div>
Canadian Dollar (CAD) Technical Major Currencies (2012-02-03)
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/292363/20120203/canadian-dollar-cad-technical-major-currencies-2012-02-03.htm" style="font-size:1.2em">Canadian Dollar (CAD) Technical Major Currencies (2012-02-03)</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">International Business Times</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Feb 3, 2012 </span> <div style="width:80%;">The pair has been trading within a narrow range above the 200-days SMA; the pair is having difficulties breaching this support area around the average as see on chart, while price is clearly oversold as seen on Stochastic.</div> </div>
Canadian dollar exchange rate: CAD finds risk environment unconstructive <b>...</b>
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.euro-exchangerate.com/canadian-dollar-exchange-rate-02021342.html" style="font-size:1.2em">Canadian dollar exchange rate: CAD finds risk environment unconstructive <b>...</b></a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Euro Exchange Rate News</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Feb 2, 2012 </span> <div style="width:80%;">The CAD was not a participant in the overnight push up in risk currencies, with USD/CAD remaining well-entrenched in familiar ranges.</div> <a href="http://www.forexpros.com/news/forex-news/forex---usd-cad-up-on-jobs-data-229907">Forex - USD/CAD up on jobs data</a> - <span style="color:#888888">Forex Pros</span><br> <a href="http://www.actionforex.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158866:mixed-reactions-in-the-us-dollar-to-the-non-farm-payroll&catid=191:daily-forex-technicals">Mixed Reactions in the US Dollar to the Non-Farm Payroll</a> - <span style="color:#888888">Action Forex</span><br> </div>
Canadian Dollar (CAD) Technical Major Currencies (2012-02-02)
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/291619/20120202/canadian-dollar-cad-technical-major-currencies-2012-02-02.htm" style="font-size:1.2em">Canadian Dollar (CAD) Technical Major Currencies (2012-02-02)</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">International Business Times</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Feb 2, 2012 </span> <div style="width:80%;">The pivotal support around 0.9965 is still providing the pair with a good support as seen on the provided four-hour chart. The struggle around the middle line of the descending channel that dominated the movements from 1.0285 zones continues fixing RSI ...</div> </div>
Canadian dollar exchange rate: CAD is cross currency under-performer <b>...</b>
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.euro-exchangerate.com/canadian-dollar-vs-australian-dollar-01021335.html" style="font-size:1.2em">Canadian dollar exchange rate: CAD is cross currency under-performer <b>...</b></a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Euro Exchange Rate News</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">Feb 1, 2012 </span> <div style="width:80%;">The pound Canadian dollar exchange rate is 0.02% higher at 1.5810, the euro Canadian dollar exchange rate is 0.22% higher at 1.3148, the US dollar to Canadian dollar exchange rate is 0.5% lower with 1 USD = 0.9971 CAD.</div> <a href="http://www.thestreet.com/story/11394595/1/usd-cad-susceptible-to-weakness.html">USD-CAD: Susceptible to Weakness</a> - <span style="color:#888888">TheStreet.com</span><br> </div>

fund had many features that attracted investors:

- It had an embedded lottery.

- There was an assured 4% dividend, which was slightly less than the average rates prevalent at that time. Thus the interest income exceeded the required payouts and the difference was converted to a cash reserve.

- The cash reserve was utilized to retire a few shares annually at 10% premium and hence the remaining shares earned a higher interest. Thus the cash reserve kept increasing over time – further accelerating share redemption.

- The trust was to be dissolved at the end of 25 years and the capital was to be divided among the remaining investors.

However a war with England led to many bonds defaulting. Due to the decrease in investment income, share redemption was suspended in 1782 and later the interest payments were lowered too. The fund was no longer attractive for investors and faded away.

After evolving in Europe for a few years, the idea of mutual funds reached the US at the end if nineteenth century. In the year 1893, the first closed-end fund was formed. It was named the "The Boston Personal Property Trust."

The Alexander Fund in Philadelphia was the first step towards open-end funds. It was established in 1907 and had new issues every six months. Investors were allowed to make redemptions.

The first true open-end fund was the Massachusetts Investors' Trust of Boston. Formed in the year 1924, it went public in 1928. 1928 also saw the emergence of first balanced fund – The Wellington Fund that invested in both stocks and bonds.

The concept of Index based funds was given by William Fouse and John McQuown of the Wells Fargo Bank in 1971. Based on their concept, John Bogle launched the first retail Index Fund in 1976. It was called the First Index Investment Trust. It is now known as the Vanguard 500 Index Fund. It crossed 100 billion dollars in assets in November 2000 and became the World's largest fund.

Today mutual funds have come a long way. Nearly one in two households in the US invests in mutual funds. The popularity of mutual funds is also soaring in developing economies like India. They have become the preferred investment route for many investors, who value the unique combination of diversification, low costs and simplicity provided by the funds.

About the Author
Learn more about mutual funds at http://www.completeonlinetrading.com

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Greece sells 812 mln euros of T-bills, yield eases
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/07/greece-tbills-idUSL5E8D724720120207" style="font-size:1.2em">Greece sells 812 mln euros of T-bills, yield eases</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Reuters</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">13 minutes ago </span> <div style="width:80%;">* Yield drops 4 basis points to 4.86 pct * Bid-cover 2.72 vs 2.80 in Jan * Needs to roll over 1.0 bln eur of T-bills Feb 10 ATHENS, Feb 7 (Reuters) - Greece sold 812.5 million euros ($1.06 billion) of six-month T-bills on Tuesday to fund the rollover ...</div> </div>
German Industrial Production Holds Key to Euro&#39;s Day
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Forex Flash: EUR/USD estimated downside to 1.1500 end of 2012 ? UBS
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Euro Slightly Lower As Greek Debt Talks Linger
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.actionforex.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159050:euro-slightly-lower-as-greek-debt-talks-linger&catid=193:daily-forex-fundamentals" style="font-size:1.2em">Euro Slightly Lower As Greek Debt Talks Linger</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Action Forex</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">1 hour ago </span> <div style="width:80%;">In a thinly traded session devoid of key eco releases, attention went to the tribulations surrounding the Greek bail-out package. So some risk-off buying and maybe some short covering following Friday&#39;s correction led to modest daily gains.</div> </div>
The EUR/USD cross rate drifted lower in Asia yesterday
<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.fxstreet.com/fundamental/market-view/sunrise-market-commentary-currencies/2012-02-07.html" style="font-size:1.2em">The EUR/USD cross rate drifted lower in Asia yesterday</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">FXstreet.com</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">2 hours ago </span> <div style="width:80%;">by KBC Market Research Desk - KBC Bank | View company&#39;s profile On Monday, uncertainty on the outcome of the Greek debt negations provided the perfect excuse for profit taking on the recent risk rally.</div> <a href="http://www.forexyard.com/en/market-analysis/lack_of_greek_deal_sends_eur_tumbling-2012-02-07">Lack of Greek Deal Sends EUR Tumbling</a> - <span style="color:#888888">Forexyard</span><br> <a href="http://www.forexpros.com/analysis/greece-talks-extended,-euro-holding-above-1.3000-113275">Greece Talks Extended, Euro Holding Above 1.3000</a> - <span style="color:#888888">Forex Pros</span><br> </div>
EUR/GBP Forecast February 7, 2012, Technical Analysis
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Pre Market Briefing, including &#39;Euro-zone investor confidence improved in <b>...</b>
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<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.actionforex.com/action-insight/market-overview/daily-report:-aussie-soars-after-rba-pause,-euro-soft-on-greece-20120207159008/" style="font-size:1.2em">Daily Report: Aussie Soars after RBA Pause, Euro Soft on Greece</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Action Forex</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">4 hours ago </span> <div style="width:80%;">Aussie jumps sharply today and hit new record high against Euro after RBA unexpected left rates unchanged at 4.25%. The RBA unexpectedly left the cash rate unchanged at 4.25% in February, in contrast with consensus of a rate cut by -25 bps.</div> <a href="http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/293874/20120206/weekly-summary-usd-eur-gbp-jpy-aud.htm">Weekly Summary on USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, AUD, CAD, MXN and RMB</a> - <span style="color:#888888">International Business Times</span><br> <a href="http://www.finnewsnetwork.com.au/BrokerCommentry/659/FX-Technical-Outlook-%7C%7C%7C-Monday-6th-February">FX Technical Outlook - Monday 6th February</a> - <span style="color:#888888">Finance News Network</span><br> </div>
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<div style="padding:0px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <a href="http://www.actionforex.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158995:eurusd-a-descending-triangle-pattern-emerges&catid=191:daily-forex-technicals" style="font-size:1.2em">EUR/USD - A Descending Triangle Pattern Emerges</a> <br> <span style="color:#888888;">Action Forex</span> - <span style="white-space:nowrap">8 hours ago </span> <div style="width:80%;">EUR/USD has been testing the patience of traders for the better part of 2-weeks now, chopping around in a 200 pip range between 1.3030 and 1.3230.</div> </div>

Simultaneously buying one currency and selling another.